FUNDAMENTALS OF APPLIED OPTICS (OSE5203)

James E. Harvey, Instructor

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course is designed to provide a comprehensive foundation in Applied Optics for the beginning student in Optical Engineering as well as to perhaps serve as a terminal course in Applied Optics (along with the Applied Optics Laboratory) for the student specializing in Optical Science or Photonics. Practical Optical Engineering concepts and practices will be emphasized. Topics covered in the lectures will include: foundations of Geometrical Optics, Geometrical Theory of Image Formation, Basic Optical Devices and Instruments, Radiometry and Flux Transfer in Imaging Systems, Diffraction Effects in Imaging Systems, Introduction to Aberration Theory, Image Evaluation/Analysis, Optical Manufacturing and Testing, and a demonstration of Computer-Automated Optical Design.

COURSE OUTLINE

1.1 Course Description, Course Outline, Text and Reference Material, Expectations, Grading Policy.

1.2 Definition of Optics and Light, Hierarchy of Optical Theories, Optical Engineering Philosophy.

1.3 Description of Geometrical Optics, Historical Development of Optics.

2.1 Concepts of Geometrical Optics, the Shadow, Fermat's Principle, Rectilinear Propagation, Law of Reflection, Snell's Law.

2.2 Huygens’ Wavefront Construction, Malus’ Theorem, Critical Angle, Total Internal Reflection, Aspheric Surfaces.

2.3 Optical Materials, Refractive Index, Dispersion, Chromatic Aberration, Optical Glass, Measurement of Refractive Index.

2.4 Plane Mirrors and Prisms, Constant Deviation Prisms, Non-dispersing Prisms, Erecting Prisms, Tunnel Diagrams.

2.5 Plane Parallel Plate, Deviation Angle from a Prism, Thin Prisms (Optical wedge), Variable Power (Risley) Prisms.

2.6 The Direct Vision Prism and the Achromatic Prism, the Achromatic Wedge.

3.1 Gaussian Image Formation, Cardinal Points, Graphical Ray Tracing, Newton’s Lens Eq., Gauss’ Lens Eq.

3.2 Transverse and Longitudinal magnification, the Thin Lens Law, the Helmholtz Invariant, Angular magnification.

3.3 Paraxial Ray Tracing, the Thick Lens, the Lensmaker’s Eq., Lens Shape Factor, and the Magnification Factor.

3.4 Stops and Pupils (Vignetting), Marginal and Chief Rays (the Lagrange Invariant), Field Stops, Field-of-View.

3.5 Numerical Aperture, Focal Ratio or F#, Front and Rear Effective F#, Diffraction-limited Resolution.

3.6 Real Ray Trace Procedure, Geometrical Aberrations, Ray Intercept Plots, Spot Diagrams, RMS Spot Size.

4.1 Radiometric Terminology and Nomenclature, The Inverse Square Law.

4.2 Radiant Power Transfer, Lambert's Cosine Law, The Brightness Theorem (Optical Throughput or Etendue).

4.3 Radiometry of Images, Cosine-fourth Illumination Fall-off, Radiometer Design and Detector Optics.

5.1 Historical Background, Rayleigh-Sommerfeld Integral, Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction, Examples.

5.2 Edge Diffraction and the Spot of Arago, Babinet’s Principle, Effects of Obscurations and Arrays.

5.3 Image Quality Criteria, What do we mean by “Diffraction-limited”, Diffracted Radiance, Diffraction Gratings.

6.1 The Simple Magnifier, Projector, Compound Microscope, The Camera, Telescopes, The Eye

6.2 Afocal Systems, Field Lenses and Relay Systems, Radiometer and Detector Optics,

6.3 Non imaging systems, Adaptive Optics, Synthetic Aperture / Lenslet Arrays, Fiber Optics.

7.1 The Skew Ray and the y- y Diagram, Object-space Image-space relationships, the Conjugate Line.

7.2 Object and Stop Shifts, Design Techniques: Graphical Methods, Analytical Methods,

7.3 Clear Aperture and Vignetting, Examples of Optical Design with the Delano y- y Diagram

8.1 The Wavefront Aberration Function, Relationship of Ray Aberrations to Wavefront Aberrations

8.2 The Seidel Aberrations, The Effect of Lens Shape and Stop Position, Symmetrical Principle

8.3 Structural Aberration Coefficients, Comparison of 3rd-order Aberration Theory with Real Ray Trace Data

9.1 Linear Systems Approach to Image Formation (OTF/MTF, PSF), Other Image Quality Criteria

9.2 Effect of Diffraction, Aberrations, and other Error Sources on the Spatial Frequency Response.

9.3 Optical Performance Predictions, Detector Effects, Post-detection Image Processing

10.1 Optical Fabrication, Optical Testing and Metrology, Surface Scatter Phenomena

10.2 Computer-Optimized Optical System Design (demonstration)

HOMEWORK

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL